“It didn’t make any sense to get from place to place using the stairs this year, because the lift itself was an exhibition space, where, travelling between floors, one entered the nebulous, black-and-white world of Orsolya Orbán’s ‘Water’s Mirror’ photo exhibition. In front of the auditorium, the photos of Orsolya Salamon’s ‘Traditions in Modern Szék’ series testified to Szék’s rich cultural heritage while a laptop played audio highlighting the diligence and striving of the common Szék inhabitant,” begins Lehel Siklódi, a volunteer for the Filmtett paper, in his description of the fifth edition of the First Cut exhibition.
“Arriving at the fifth floor, we stepped into ‘Overdue,’ a project by Sándor Ráduly which combines colorful textures with religious motifs. Before we could reach the studio, we were met by Réka Kiss’s ‘Culture Cave,’ where, in a room filled with household objects and traditional clothes, a video clip played on an old-fashioned TV set. In the studio, the first-year masters’ students’ (Ágnes Anna Farkas, Edith Ferenczi, Dorottya Képíró, Mihály Kiss, Krisztián Mák, Márk Makkai, and Ákos Madarász) cyclical video installation, ‘We the Trompe-l’Oeil,’ played. A pair of lovers, their figures bent in absurd fashion, kiss in what appears to be a photograph, but which slowly dissolves into a painting. The painting then becomes a photograph once more, and so the process repeats itself ad-infinitum. By placing bean-bags right in front of the canvas, the creators of the infinite loop enticed us to stay and watch the inevitably recurrent art piece unfold until we could truly distill some meaning out of it. Also in the studio was Hunor Tóth’s ‘I’ve Been Here Before, but They Don’t Know Me,’ a photo exhibition that treated the photographer’s delicate reintroduction into the closed society of his hometown, which he returned to after having spent years at university.
“Before the film screenings, Péter Keresztes gave a presentation. Keresztes, who was a student in Sapientia’s first-ever film class, now works as a correspondent for Roman TV in Timisoara, and is the creator of the documentary ‘There’s No Good Way to Say Goodbye in Wartime,’ which won Prix CIRCOM’s award for films produced for Eastern European television. Keresztes works alone, which, as he explained, has its advantages when it comes to addressing sensitive topics. Interview subjects, for example, feel more comfortable opening up and ‘airing out their dirty laundry’ in the more intimate setting of a one-on-one interview where there is no attached staff present. He also talked about his efforts to present stories with as much authenticity and fidelity to the subject matter as possible. He told the story of a report he prepared on the homeless living around Budapest’s Gellert Hill, who, using the excess of the famous Gellert Thermal Bath’s water, created their own bath on the shores of the Danube. Keresztes, joining their company while preparing his report, even tried out their bath, reasoning that the only way to be true to their story was to establish a rapport in which they were equals.
“Albert Birtalan, a correspondent at Kolozsvár Radio, also spoke about Keresztes’s ‘There Is No Good Way to Say Goodbye in Wartime,’ while Andrea Virginas, Head of the Media Department, along with Csengele Mikola and Balázs Bodor, both final-year students, gave remarks on Keresztes’s work and presentation. Albert Birtalan’s speech can be found on Kolozsvár Radio’s website.
“Afterwards followed the much-awaited judging of the year’s best student-produced films, and, just as in festivals, a group of judges, i.e. the Media Studies professors, sat in order to determine a winner. The thematically and stylistically diverse lineup of films opened with Orsolya Orbán’s ‘Sweet Hours.’ Erika is cleaning an elderly man’s home, and, as she tucks small items away in her pockets, you feel that this isn’t the first time she’s done this, and that she could have more in life. While the old man overlooks these small thefts, Erika treads further into the depths of uncertainty. She only calls her mother when she needs money. She doesn’t talk to her siblings. A man many years her senior is courting her. A character in conflict with everyone, especially herself, Erika finally moves towards understanding that a ‘solution,’ if one can term it such, has been flitting about her all along, amongst the everyday, seemingly meaningless events that animate life.
“If anyone was curious about what it means to be a director, what an actor ought to be like, or how these two roles in the filmmaking world interact with each other, then Csengele Mikola’s colorful satire, ‘Finding Zoé,’ had the answers. Mikola lavishes her viewers with opulent shots of the film’s surreal events. The deliberately detailed set design and costumes speak to the creative vision at work in this film, which even finds time to have its protagonist put in a few words on the decisions they’re making.
“Those who didn’t get a chance to see Timothy Sós’s ‘Suborbital’ at the Transylvania International Film Festival were able to catch it at First Cut. It tells the story of a Catholic priest who is losing his vision, and is helped by one of his kindest pupils, Nora, whose life isn’t without its own difficulties. Nora recently lost her father, but, because she finds herself at odds with God, she doesn’t go to his funeral. The slow approach of the priest’s blindness, a death of sorts, touches the sympathetic youth. The priest’s dreamlike visions make manifest answers to his struggle in the form of rich, visual symbols––he sees a peacock striding about the church, a parson seduced by sirens, and the freed Orpheus singing about himself throughout the course of the film. Nora, of course, can’t do anything about the priest’s ever-increasing blindness: she simply sticks by her friend to help him with the transition into his new reality. By the end of the movie the priest is walking around with sunglasses, and, after the festival of visions has passed, the time has finally come for him to be master of his condition.
“‘Adél’ was also entered into the Transylvania International Film Festival, and it’s no marginal aside that it was also filmed at the Filmtett Workshop. Gergely Lukács’s film revolves around a disintegrating love-triangle, and has its actors discourse on male and female identity. Adél desires a lover like she has already had, but she must find them somewhere else now, so she flees. After playing around with some sheep, she asks for the flock’s shepherd’s hand in marriage, representing the relationship between love and one’s beloved.
“After a brief intermission, the second half of the screenings begins with ‘Strange Sunday,’ a film by Balázs Bodor. The film opens by giving information about WWII POWs who were declared dead, and, unbeknownst to any of their relatives, buried in empty coffins. With this opening, we thought we were in for a historical drama, but what followed is actually best characterized as a horror film. Following his missing brother’s funeral, Szilamér becomes obsessed with the idea of connecting with his dead brother’s spirit, and the unfortunate man loses himself between grief and the hope of a successful séance. Szilamér, finally unprepared for the possibility of such a meeting with the dead, meets his own death. The film’s message: the price of calling up the dead is steep, and not everyone is ready to pay it.
“Barbara Szabó brought us the night’s only adaptation of a literary work, ‘Smoke,’ which grew out of one of Kosztolány’s novels. The film focuses on the life of an author, who spends his days writing and smoking expensive cigars. However, when the man believes himself to be grievously ill, he immediately takes on a new life. Filled with an honest comedy, the story is familiar to all. In problematic or weighty moments, we reflect on our lives with a stern seriousness and plan to implement change, only to later fall back whence we came, where we may again fumble through the darkness.
“Kata Incze’s film, titled ‘Good Day, Kicsi’ takes on a family at the verge of falling apart. A mother refuses to see eye-to-eye with her son, and the two of them are incapable of communicating, which, according to his sister, stems from the family’s lack of a male role model. The single mother, hardly able to dream of a good life, slowly snaps under the constant pressure she feels. As the film progresses, the possibility of mending the situation grows more and more distant, unhelped by the insults screamed in each other's face. The little family disintegrates in front of our eyes, yet love was never exactly missing from the picture. Instead, they were found to undervalue the expression of their love for one another, while forgetting that their actions only served to block the paths through which love might be expressed.
“The final film screened was Márton Nagy’s comedy-infused vampire film, ‘How I Ignited My Girlfriend on Our Third Date.’ A young man, dispirited, has just botched another in a long line of failed catering interviews when he meets a vampire. Much to his surprise, he is able to sleep with her after one of their dates, but then he begins to observe strange, vampire-like behavior on her part. Believing that he too has been turned into a vampire, he adopts new habits, such as siphoning old ladies’ blood and avoiding sunlight, in order to reflect his changed status,” finishes Lehel Siklódi.
Sapientia Student Wins Award at Filmul de Piatra film festival
Orsolya Orbán’s final-project film, “Blonde and Brown,” and Márton Nagy’s “How My Girlfriend Ignited on Our Third Date” were both screened at the festival in Piatra Neamț. Orbán’s film took part in the festival’s competitive section, while Nagy’s film was shown in the “Midnight Shorts” section.
MA student wins grand prize at international film festival
The film was chosen as the best of 50 screened short films and 7 short films entered in the competition.
Students of the Faculty of Sciences and Arts in Cluj-Napoca awarded at international protocol competition
After two years of interruption, the College and University International Communication, Behavioral Culture and Protocol Competition took place again on June 10, 2022.
Rector Tonk Márton received the Officer's Cross of the Hungarian Order of Merit
Twelve public personalities from Transylvania received state distinctions from the president of Hungary, ÁDER János, at the proposal of Prime Minister ORBÁN Viktor, on the occasion of the Hungarian National Day, March 15.
Our mentored high school students won bronze medal
As a result of the collaboration between Sapientia University and the Reformed Theological Secondary School of Cluj-Napoca, GOMBÁR Aletta and SZÉKELY-VARGA Szilárd, students in the 11th and 12th grades, received a bronze medal at the 28th International Conference of Young Scientists, which took place in Belgrade in April.
Sapientia University acquires the “High Degree of Confidence” judgment following the institutional evaluation
The Romanian Agency for Quality Assurance in Higher Education (ARACIS) has published the results of the latest external institutional evaluation of Sapientia University, which is carried out every 5 years
Field practice in the northern part of the Trascău Mountains
Starting from Lunca Arieșului passing through the forecourt of the Bedeleu Mountains, we reached the Sipote waterfall, which falls through the travertino.
Production of the short films for the final exam has started
Film, Photography, Media graduates of the Faculty of Sciences and Arts in Cluj-Napoca have started shooting their short films for the graduation exam.
Students ranked second in an international competition
The members of the Bridge MCA team were ILYÉS Kinga (Law, 4th year), ZEILER Hilda Izabella ( Film, photography, media, 2nd year) and KNOBLOCH-ESZTEGÁR Péter (Technical University of Cluj-Napoca, 3rd year).
International recognition for Keresztes Péter, former student of Sapientia University
KERESZTES Péter's TV documentary There’s No Good Way to Say Goodbye in Wartime has received one of the "Commended” awards of the international television festival Prix CIRCOM 2022.
Similarities and differences in the evolution of law in Central-Eastern Europe – a collective volume of studies by our law students
A collective volume of studies by the law students from Sapientia University, in colaboration
with their peers from Miskolc University (Hungary) was published end of March by Forum
Iuris Publishing House.
Zsolt Kokoly's book on media law has been published
The title is Jurisdicția asupra furnizorilor media în reglementarea Uniunii Europene. Evoluția criteriilor de determinare a jurisdicției de la Directiva televiziunii fără frontiere (1989) până la Directiva serviciilor mass-media audiovizuale revizuită (2018)
The Faculty of Sciences and Arts in Cluj-Napoca presented three international ERASMUS+ projects
Teachers of the Department of International Relations and European Studies participate in the foRMAtion project on research management, in the EUSecure project on security and sustainability in the EU, and in the Listen project on the use of minority languages.
In Nature - Sapixel International Photography Contest
Deadline: February 13., 2022
7th Carpathian Basin Conference for Environmental Science in Cluj-Napoca
Online registration is open until 2022 January 31st.
Exam performance of Dance Arts students
Certificate of Recognition awarded to the Media Department of our Faculty
The department's achievements in arts education were rewarded.
István Pálfi Scholarship
The István Pálfi Regional Development Foundation announces a scholarship competition in the field of spatial development, especially cross-border development and EGTCs, with the support of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade and with the cooperation of Edutus University.
There is no stopping in the project
#foRMAtion is at half time!
We have started our new facultative course - Research Management as a Profession in the EU Ecosystem
Within the foRMAtion project, our students have the chance to acquire a curriculum developed by an international consortium.
A new optional course is launched - Research Management as a Profession in the EU Ecosystem
In the 21st century, there will be increasing and fiercer competition for research resources, necessitating the strengthening of a new profession.
Two new issues of the review of the Department of Law have been published
We recommend the 3rd and 4th issues of the Transylvanian Law review
Call for Applications Erasmus+ STA, 2020/2021 (KA103)
For information about application in Hungarian language please click here. For information about application in Romanian language please...
Call for Applications Erasmus+ STT, 2020/2021 (KA103)
For information about application in Hungarian language please click here. For information about application in Romanian language please...
15th Carpathian Basin Conference for Environmental Science
On behalf of the Organizing Committee, we are pleased to invite you to the 15th Carpathian Basin Conference for Environmental Science, held on...
Challenges100 - international conference about the last 100 years
Challenges, conflicts and opportunities. 100 years of state- and nationhood in Central and Eastern Europe
Summer field works in Greece, 2018
This year many of the students of the Environmental Department participated in the traditional summer field works, organized in Greece between the 25th May and 3rd June. The aim of the journey was to study the Mediterranean wildlife, and the chemical composition of the Aegean Sea.
International field trip in the Fertő-Hanság National Park (Hungary)
Between the 11th and the 15th of May 2018 we participated at an international field trip in the Fertő-Hanság National Park, at which – besides our teachers and students from the Sapientia Hungarian University of Transylvania (Romania) – the representatives of the Eötvös Loránd University (Hungary), the II. Rákóczi Ferenc University (Ukraine) and the Selye János University (Slovakia) also took part.
Challenges, conflicts and opportunities. 100 years of state- and nationhood in Central and Eastern Europe
November 15-17, 2018, Cluj-Napoca (Kolozsvár, Klausenburg), Romania
Post-Communist Restitution of Nationalized Property – conference
The conference will take place from 9:30 on the 29th of September in the B302 classroom of the Sapientia Hungarian University of Transylvania, Department of Law, Cluj-Napoca, Romania.
Sapientia EMTE • University Brochure
A new brochure of the Sapientia EMTE was published in Hungarian and English which presents the university and the environment it functions in.
Conference - October 20. 2017
Arbitrability of Company Law Disputes in Central and Eastern Europe
Summer field works in Greece, 2017
This year our students participated at the summer field works in Greece in the period of 26th May – 4th June.
13th Carpathian Basin Conference for Environmental Science
The 13th Carpathian Basin Conference for Environmental Science was held between the 5th and 8th of April 2017 in Cluj-Napoca.
13rd Carpathian Basin Conference for Environmental Sciences
For further informations you may visit the website of the conference.
Geomorphology themed outdoor practice
The outdoor practice took place at the “Dragon’s Garden” (Grădina Zmeilor) near Jibou and the neighbourhood of the Roman castrum Porolissum near Moigrad.
Post-Communist Restitution of Nationalized Property
Conference announcement and call for papers, September 29, 2017
International workshop on ecosystem services provided by farmland, hosted by Sapientia University
Sustaining agricultural change through ecological engineering and optimal use of natural resources
Tree fodder as source of resilience for the traditional farming systems: reviving tree hay related knowledge in Zalánpatak (Transylvania, Romania)
Global changes are increasingly affecting human societies. Within these changes, the extreme variations in climatic conditions, including...
Zerfällt Europa? – Aktuelle Krisenherde und ihre Bewältigung im Spannungsfeld nationaler Interessen
Cluj-Napoca, October 8-9, 2015, Sapientia University
Patterns of Integration of Old and New Minorities in a Europe of Complex Diversity
Cluj-Napoca, October 8-9, 2015, Sapientia University
The Real and the Intermedial
XVI. International Film and Media Studies Conference in Transylvania. October 23-24 2015. Sapientia University. Cluj-Napoca.
Children from kindergarten visiting the Department of Environmental Science
Children of Reformed Church High School kindergarten from Cluj-Napoca visited the Department of Environmental Science on 17th July.
Mediterranean fieldwork – Greece (May 22-31, 2015)
This year on the fieldwork organized by the Department of Environmental Science in Greece participated students from the Department of Horticulture from Tg. Mureș.
The 11th Edition of the Carpathian Basin Conference on Environmental Science
Between the 6th and 9th of May 2015 the 11th Edition of the Carpathian Basin Conference on Environmental Science took place in Pécs.
Study trip to Budapest
Between May 5-9, 2015, we, the students of the Faculty of Environmental Sciences of the Sapientia University, took part on an annual study trip to Budapest.
Trip to Răchițele and Pietrele Albe
In the middle of October we organized a trip in the Apuseni Mountains to the Pietrele Albe (meaning White Rocks) which lay under the barren Vlădeasa peak.
XV. Film and Media Studies Conference inTransylvania
Figurations of Intermediality in Film. Cluj-Napoca. October 24-25, 2014.
Ancient wood-pastures in Transylvania
Our Department in cooperation with the Film, Photography, Media Department and with the Hungarian Theatre of Cluj-Napoca made a movie about the exceptional value of the wood-pastures of Transylvania.
Field works in the Hășmaș Mountains, 2014
Between 13th and 16th of July our students together with those from the University of Szeged participated at field works in the Cheile Bicazului – Hășmaș National Park.
Field trip in Greece 2014
This year the field works in Greece were organized in cooperation with the Horticulture Department of the Faculty of Technical and Human Sciences, Târgu Mureş.
Waste Management Internships on the Garbage Dump of Pata Rât
The students of the 3rd year of the Department for Environmental Science participated on a field trip at the garbage dump of Pata Rât, in the neighbourhood of Cluj-Napoca.
Fieldtrip and teambuilding at Sandulesti
The sunny weekend between 8-10 November offered a great opportunity to organize our traditional initiating and teambuilding fieldtrip for students of the Environmental Science Department.
Basic First Aid – presentation
On 15 November students and teachers of the Department of Environmental Sciences had the opportunity to attend a presentation.
Donation of books from Mr. Guha Péter
The vice-President of the Helvetia-Hungaria Association from Switzerland made his donation on July 30, 2013.
The Ninth Edition of the Conference “Environmental Science in the Carpathian Basin”
This year the Ninth Edition of the Conference “Environmental Science in the Carpathian Basin” organised by the University of Miskolc in cooperation with the Sapientia University, took place on 13–15 June.
About the Study Trip in Greece
The field trip of the Environmental Studies specialisation has ended.
Launching the project “Fanatele Clujului Nature Reserve - an ignored treasure”
The Green Transylvania Association in partnership with the Enviro Scientia Association, ERKE - Transylvanian Lightpainters Association and the Tree of Life Association is launching the project “Fanatele Clujului Natural Reserve - an ignored treasure”, founded by the MOL Romania and the Environmental Partnership Foundation.
Report of a field trip to Brad2013. április 16-án reggel a Környezettudomány szak II. éves hallgatói elindultak Brád (eredeti nevén: Fenyőfalva) irány
In the morning of the 16th of April, 2013, the students of the 2nd year of the Department of Environmental Sciences visited the city of Brad under the supervision of Szende Tonk, lecturer of the faculty.
Individual Carreer Counseling
Career Office provides free advice to our students.
The Science Has Moved to Satu-Mare
Two teachers from the specialization Environmental Science held a presentation at the Reformed High School.
Workshop: Discourse Technics
The next workshop organised by the Career Counseling Office will be held on April 12 and 13, 2013 at 3 p. m.
Scientific prezentation at the Andrei Mureşanu Highscool, Dej City
On February 26th three lecturers of the Environmental Science Departament gave prezentations on "Great Explosions" with the aim of popularizing science.
Preparatory Courses
For specialization Film, Photography, Media, preparation courses will take place on April 14, 2013.
International Photo Contest
The photo contest is being organised for the second time. This year's topics are: Noise, Emotions.
International Field Trips
The study trip was organised between December 11-13, 2012 on itinerary Pécs–Bátaapáti–Paks by the Department of Environmental Science.
Trip to Apuseni Mountains
In the middle of November students and professors of Environmental Science were engaged in a study tour.
The Sixth FFeST Student Film Festival
On this edition will attend more than 80 films from 7 countries.
"Academic Evening" with Kovács Zoltán Csongor
The discussion was held on Thursday, November 15, 2012 from 7 pm in Óváry hall.
Current Political Issues in the United States of America
American lawyer Jeffrey C. Rubenstein will present the current situation of domestic and foreign policy of the United States.
Trip to Sănduleşti
The second field trip to Sănduleşti was organised by the Departament of Environmental Studies, and it took place in the middle of October.
International Conference at the End of the Week
"Academic Evening" with Barna Mezey, PhD
The discussion was held on Tuesday, May 22, 2012 from 4 p. m. in Óváry hall.
Academic Evening with Dorottya Andrási, PhD
The discussion was held on Wednesday, April 4, 2012 in Óváry hall and starts at 6 p.m.
Elections in Slovakia
The fifth meeting of the Sapientia–Jakabffy Club was held Wednesday, March 21, 2012 in hall Óváry.
"Academic Evening" with Kriszt Éva, PhD
The discussion was held on Thursday, March 8, 2012 in Óváry hall and started at 6,30 p.m.
Diaspora and Assimilation
Discussion entitled "Diaspora and assimilation. A Debate Model" will be held Tuesday, March 6, 2012 at 18 p. m.
The Effects and Consequences of the Economical Crisis II
The fourth meeting of Sapientia-Jakabffy Club was held Tuesday, February 28, 2012 at 15 in room Óváry.
The Effects and Consequences of the Economical Crisis
The third meeting of Sapientia-Jakabffy Club was held Tuesday, February 21, 2012 at 15 in room Óváry.
2012 Admission Dates
Important dates for the admission are:
The Transition from the Old to the new Civil Code
The first public presentation organised by the Institute of Juridical Sciences in the new academic year will take place on Wednesday, October 5, 2011 from 6 o'clock in the main building of the University.
Results of the Workshop Participation
Below you can watch the shorts created during the Szőts István workshop in Miskolc, Hungary. Entries will be seen soon wathable on DVD also.
Vacancy
Faculty of Sciences and Arts of the Sapientia University organises competition for cleaner position.
At the Ist NGO Fest
The Faculty of Sciences and Arts of the Sapientia University was represented by students again on the NGO Festival (June 4-6, 2010).
Law on Sapientia University
In summer 2010 students can gain admission to the specialization of Law of the Faculty of Sciences and Arts.
Ferdinandy at Sapientia
Pallas-Akademia Publishing in collaboration with the Faculty of Sciences and Arts of the Sapientia University, organises a meeting of writer-reader combined with the presentation of Ferdinandy György's book entitled 'Tropical Love'.
E-Transylvania Caravan at the Sapientia
Days of the Open Gates on Sapientia University
The Faculty of Sciences and Arts of the Sapientia University, organised the Days of the Open Gates between 3 to 8 May 2010. It can be said that the organizers tried to be as interactive as possible, so the programs organised by various departments were not focused on certain days of activities, but rather during the whole week.
We Are Cooperating with the University of Szeged
Cooperation agreement was signed with the University of Szeged, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Informatics, Department of Ecology. Cooperation has resulted in expansion of science and to promote the development of the bachelors and the graduates.
From Sapientia to Brussels
Fourty students hit the road at dawn towards Brussels on 18 April. The one-week trip was organised for students from Sapientia University, specialising in International Relations and European Studies. The purpose of the study trip was to present the EU bodies.
Specialty Accredited
It was decided in Bucharest. On April 22, 2010 the specialization Film, Photography, Media was accredited.
"Academic Evening" with Nagy Ágnes
The discussion will be held on Monday, April 26, 2010 in Óváry hall and will start at 6 p.m.
Songs at Sapientia
The opening of the exhibition called "Songs" will take place on March 18, 2010 from 5 p. m. in the main building of the Sapientia University (str Matei Corvin nr. 4).
Zádor Anna Award for Our Professor
Lupescu Radu, PhD won the award for young historians of architecture created by Anna Zádor Foundation of Hungary.
Commemorative Board for Prince Bocskai
The unveiling of the commemorative board in memory of Prince Bocskai took place Saturday, February 27, 2010 starting at 12 p.m. in the main building of the University.
Wreaths to the Prince
To commemorate the memory of the Transylvanian prince the Protestant Theologic Institute and Istvan Bocskai Association of Hungary have organised a festive event on February 19, 2010.
The Membership is Official
The Faculty of Sciences and Arts of the Sapientia University is now an official member of ECPR (European Consortium for Political Research).
Very Short Films Festival
Between 7-9 May 2010, 51 very short films, coming from around the world will be screened almost simultaneously in 25 cities in Romania and in other cities in 13 countries. All entries follow a single rule: not to exceed 3 minutes.
SAPIENTIA HUNGARIAN UNIVERSITY OF TRANSYLVANIA
The Sapientia Hungarian University of Transylvania is the independent university of the Hungarian community in Romania, which aims at providing education to the members of our community and performing scientific research on a high professional level.
Faculty of Sciences and Arts, Cluj-Napoca
Address: 400193 Cluj-Napoca, Calea Turzii no. 4, Cluj County, Romania
Tel.: +40-364-401-458
Fax.: +40-364-410-069
E-mail: office@kv.sapientia.ro